ABSTRACT: The physicochemical characterization, antioxidant potential and phenolic composition of fruits of six genotypes (BB3, BB4, BB6, PW1, PW2 and PW5) and seven commercial cultivars (Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue and Woodard) were carried out of blueberry, from the 2019/2020 production cycle. Color, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and individual anthocyanins were analyzed. In general, all genotypes and cultivars are rich in phytochemicals. The genotypes PW1, PW2, PW5, BB3 and the cultivars Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax and Delite stand out. Thus, the blueberry genotypes in this study are considered as promising for the food industry and also for fresh consumption as commercial cultivars already consolidated in the fruit market, in view of the excellent phenolic composition present in these small fruits.

RESUMO: Fez-se a caracterização físico-química, potencial antioxidante e composição fenólica de frutos de seis genótipos (BB3, BB4, BB6, PW1, PW2 e PW5) e sete cultivares comerciais (Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue e Woodard) de mirtileiro, oriundos do ciclo de produção 2019/2020. Analisou-se a cor, teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável, atividade antioxidante (DPPH e ABTS), compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, antocianinas totais e antocianinas individuais. De modo geral, todos os genótipos e cultivares são ricos em compostos fitoquímicos. Como destaque, estão os genótipos PW1, PW2, PW5, BB3 e as cultivares Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax e Delite. Assim, os genótipos de mirtileiro do presente estudo, são considerados tão promissores para a indústria alimentícia e também para o consumo in natura quanto as cultivares comerciais já consolidadas no mercado da fruticultura, tendo em vista a excelente composição fenólica presente nestes pequenos frutos.

Abstract In the elaboration of young red wine, it is necessary to obtain a clear product with stable color. The clarity and stability can be obtained using fining agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of fining with pea protein isolate (PPI), bentonite, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) on a red wine, using the experimental design of mixtures. Merlot wine was used to evaluate the changes on monomeric flavan-3-ol, turbidity and anthocyanin levels promoted by the fining compounds. For all the parameters, the adjusted models showed influence of the combination of the three fining agents. Together, bentonite and PVPP have synergistic effect on the reduction in monomeric flavanol levels. Such synergistic effect was also observed with PPI and PVPP combination for the reduction in turbidity. However, for this same characteristic (turbidity), the combination of PPI and bentonite has antagonistic effect. To achieve broader wine fining objectives, the simultaneous optimization of the three response variables demonstrated the importance of the presence of the three refining agents in the following proportions: 25% PPI, 43% PVPP and 32% Bentonite. The isolated use of these additives would not result in the same effect on the three studied variables.

Abstract The identification of yeasts isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree using the API 20C AUX method and a commercial yeast as witness were studied. Subsequently, the yeast’s growth potential using two batch culture treatments were performed to evaluate number of colonies (N), reducing sugar concentration (RS), free-invertase (FI), and culture-invertase activity (CI). Stock cultures were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants at 4 °C and pH 5 for later use for batch-culture (150 rpm) at 30°C for 24 h, then they were stored at 4 °C for subsequent invertase extraction. The FI extract was obtained using NaHCO3 as autolysis agent, and CI activity was determined on the supernatant after batch-cultured centrifugation. The activity was followed by an increase in absorbance at 490 nm using the acid 3,5-DNS method with glucose standard. Of the four yeasts identified, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen for legal reasons. It showed logarithmic growth up to 18 h of fermentation with positive correlation CI activity and inverse with RS. FI showed greater activity by the end of the log phase and an inverse correlation with CI activity. Finally, it was concluded that treatment “A” is more effective than “B” to produce invertase (EC 3.2.1.26).

The thermal inactivation of yeast isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree and that of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in cv. Jubileu, which is widely cultivated in southern Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were studied. PPO and POD were extracted using the protein powder method and submitted to partial purification by precipitation followed by dialysis. The enzymatic activity was determined measuring the increase in absorbance at 420 nm for PPO and 470 nm for POD. The yeast used in this investigation was isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree at 22 °Brix, with total initial microbial count of 22 × 10² UFCmL- 1. Stock cultures were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants at 4 °C and pH 5 for later use for microbial growth. In all cases, kinetic analysis of the results suggests that the thermal inactivation was well described by a first-order kinetic model, and the temperature dependence was significantly represented by the Arrhenius law. Both enzymes were affected by heat denaturation, and PPO was more thermostable. PPO was also more thermosTable than the yeast isolated from peach puree. The D60-values were 1.53 and 1.87 min for PPO and yeast isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree, respectively.

O escurecimento enzimático e o amolecimento são as principais alterações que podem afetar pêssegos minimamente processados (MP). Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicação de L-cisteína (Cis), ácido L-ascórbico (AA) e cloreto de cálcio (CC) no controle do escurecimento enzimático e da perda de firmeza de polpa de pêssegos MP, cv. 'Esmeralda'. Os frutos foram processados e, após o fatiamento, imersos nos tratamentos: (I) água (controle); (II) AA+CC; (III) Cis+CC; e, (IV) Cis+AA+CC. Em seguida, as fatias foram acondicionadas em embalagens rígidas envoltas com filme PVC de 30µm de espessura e armazenadas durante seis dias a 4±1°C e 85±3% UR. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto aos aspectos físico-químicos, enzimáticos e sensoriais a cada dois dias. O tratamento Cis+AA+CC resultou em maiores valores de L* e h°, o que indica ter sido o mais eficaz na prevenção do escurecimento. Os tratamentos com L-cisteína resultaram em menor atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO) e o tratamento Cis+AA+CC foi o mais efetivo na contenção da atividade da peroxidase (POD), indicando que o melhor desempenho desse tratamento está associado à menor atividade de PPO e POD. A avaliação sensorial indicou que o tratamento Cis+AA+CC foi o mais eficiente, proporcionando a manutenção de características sensoriais aceitáveis aos pêssegos MP, cv. 'Esmeralda'.

The enzymatic browning and firmness loss are the major changes that could affect fresh-cut peaches. The objective was to evaluate the application of L-cysteine (Cis), L-ascorbic acid (AA) and calcium chloride (CC) in the control of browning enzymatic and loss of firmness of minimally processed dried peaches, cv. 'Esmeralda'. The fruits were processed industrially and, after slicing, immersed in treatments: (I) water (control); (II) AA+CC; (III) Cis+CC and (IV) Cis+AA+CC. After, the slices were packed in packages sealed with PVC film 30µm thick and stored for six days at 4±1°C and 85±3% UR. The samples were evaluated for their physical-chemical, enzymatic and sensory aspects every two days. Treatment Cis+AA+CC resulted in higher values of L* and h°, which indicates that it was the most effective in browning prevention. Treatments with L-cysteine resulted in lower activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and treatment Cis+AA+CC was the most effective in containing peroxidase (POD) activity, indicating that the best performance for such treatment is associated with lower activity of PPO and POD. The sensory evaluation indicated that the treatment Cis+AA+CC was the most efficient, providing the maintenance of the sensory characteristics acceptable for fresh-cut peaches, cv. 'Esmeralda'.

O trabalho foi conduzido em Bento Gonçalves, RS, com uvas Cabernet Sauvignon, cultivar destacada no Brasil pela produção de vinhos tintos de guarda. Como outras cultivares na Serra Gaúcha, possui, em determinadas safras, dificuldades para uma adequada maturação, dificultando a elaboração de vinhos estruturados. Dentre as estratégias para minimizar esse problema, está um adequado manejo do vinhedo, aliado a determinadas operações enológicas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se estudar a aplicação de taninos enológicos na composição físico-química do vinho Cabernet Sauvignon. Na safra 2004, foram usados taninos de quebracho e castanheira, aplicados em três dosagens (5,0, 10,0, 20,0 g.hL-1) e em três momentos de aplicação (maceração, 2 dias após o esmagamento; descuba, 8 dias após o esmagamento; após a fermentação malolática, 4 meses após o esmagamento). Nos vinhos estabilizados, realizaram-se as análises físico-químicas clássicas, mais características cromáticas e polifenóis. Em função das boas condições meteorológicas apresentadas nesta safra, no que concerne às características físico-químicas clássicas, de modo geral, se verificou que a adição dos taninos teve pouca influência na composição do vinho. Aquelas variáveis que seriam, hipoteticamente, mais influenciáveis, como antocianinas e índices de cor, mostraram, da mesma forma, poucas mudanças significativas, enquanto o I 280 e os teores de taninos totais foram afetados.

This study was carried out in the city of Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, with Cabernet Sauvignon, a cultivar known throughout the country for the production of cellaring red wine. Like with other red vines, there may be obstacles to maturation in certain harvests, which can make the production of well-structured wines difficult Among the strategies adopted to minimize this problem, is an adequate handling of the vineyard and certain enological operations. In this context, the objective of this study is to investigate the application of enological tannins in the physicochemical composition of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. In the 2004 harvest, quebracho and chestnut tannins were applied in three different dosages (5,0, 10,0, 20,0 g.hl-1), and three different times of application (maceration, 2 days after crushing; drawing off,, 8 days after crushing; and after the malolatic fermentation, 4 months after crushing). In the stabilized wines, classic physicochemical analyses were performed and chromatic characteristics and polifenols were identified. Due to the good weather during this season, in terms of classic physicochemical characteristics, in general, it seems that the addition of tannins had little influence on the composition of the wine. The variables that would, hypothetically, be more influential, such as anthocyanins and color index, also showed few significant changes, whereas the R 280 and the levels of total tannins were affected.

Com o objetivo de ampliar o período de conservação e de comercialização do caqui 'Fuyu', foram testadas alternativas para a manutenção da qualidade dos frutos. Realizaram-se três experimentos: 1) os frutos foram armazenados na temperatura de 18 ± 3°C e UR de 80 ± 5%, como ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita aos 7 e aos 14 dias; 2) os frutos foram conservados na temperatura de 0 ± 1,0°C e UR de 95 ± 5%, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita e aos 45 + 3 dias de comercialização simulada, e 3) os frutos foram armazenados em atmosfera modificada (AM) com filmes de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 80µm de espessura e em temperatura de 0 ± 1,0°C e UR de 95 ± 5%, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita, aos 48 + 4 dias e aos 48 + 10 dias de comercialização simulada (CS) na temperatura de 18°C. A concentração de 1-MCP utilizada nos tratamentos específicos foi de 500ppb/2h. As principais análises realizadas compreenderam: firmeza da polpa (FP), cor e escurecimento de epiderme (EE). Os caquis do experimento 2 perderam a qualidade de comercialização antes de alcançarem os 30 dias de estocagem. O uso de AM associada à refrigeração manteve frutos com FP acima de 40 N, além de prevenir a ocorrência de EE, após 48 dias de armazenamento mais 10 dias de CS. A obtenção destes índices proporcionou a manutenção da qualidade dos caquis por 48 dias de câmara mais 10 dias de CS no ar ambiente (18°C).

With the objective of to extend the conservation period and commercialization of the 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit, alternatives to mantain fruits quality were tested. Tree experiments were accomplished to develop the work: 1) storage at the ambient temperature (AT): Temperature (T) of 18 ± 3°C and relative humidity (RH) of 80 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP and evaluated in the crop, at 7 and 14 days; 2): cold storaged (CS): T of 0 ± 1,0°C and RH of 95 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP, appraised in the crop and 45 + 3 days of simulated commercialization; and 3) CS and modified atmosphere (MA) with films of polyethylene of low density (PELD) with 80mm of thickness: T of 0 ± 1,0°C and RH of 95 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP, appraised in the crop, 48 of CS and 10 days of simulated commercialization. The concentration of 1-MCP used in the specific treatments was of 500ppb/2h. The main physiochemical analyses accomplished were: pulp firmness (PF), color and epidermis browning (EB). The persimmon fruits of the experiment 2, maintained in CS, lost the commercialization quality before reaching 30 days of storage. The use of MA associated to CS, maintained the fruits with PF above 40 N, besides preventing the occurrence of EB. The yielded results showed that the maintenance of persimmon fruits quality can be kept for 48 days at CS and more 10 days of simulated commercialization at the environment temperature.

No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a influência da embalagem de PEBD e da adsorção de etileno, em caquis 'Fuyu', na manutenção da qualidade comercial e na vida útil pós-colheita dos frutos, em 2 safras experimentais (1999-2000 e 2000-2001). Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio de maturação amarelo-alaranjado, na empresa KIWIS'TRIN Ltda - Farroupilha-RS, limpos, selecionados, pré-resfriados e acondicionados em embalagens de PEBD, com ou sem a adsorção de etileno. Na safra de 1999-2000, os frutos foram armazenados a granel, em embalagens de PEBD de 22 µm, com capacidade para 12 e 40 frutos, e de 33 µm, com capacidade para 12 frutos, sendo que metade das embalagens possuía o sachê adsorvedor. No laboratório de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, da UFPel/DCTA, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: Firmeza de polpa, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez total titulável (ATT). Verificou-se que os frutos embalados em PEBD de 22 µm, com capacidade para 12 frutos, com e sem o sachê de adsorção, apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, menores teores de sólidos solúveis totais e maiores níveis de acidez total titulável, sugerindo atraso na maturação. Na safra de 2000-2001, foram testados o armazenamento a granel e o armazenamento em embalagens de PEBD de 22 µm, com capacidade para 12; 18 e 24 frutos, com e sem a utilização de sachê. Observou-se que os frutos acondicionados nas embalagens de 22 µm de espessura para 12 frutos, com o sistema de adsorção de etileno, apresentaram maturação mais lenta, com excelente manutenção da qualidade organoléptica.

It was tested the utilization of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) packages and the use of ethylene adsorber, of persimmons cv. 'Fuyu', with the objective of improving commercial quality and the shelf-life of the fruits, in 2 experimental seasons (1999/2000 e 2000/2001). The fruits were harvested at the yellow-orange ripening stage in the company KIWIS'TRIN Ltda, in Farroupilha/RS, cleaned, selected, pre-refrigerated and packed in LDPE packages with and without ethylene adsorption. In the season 1999/2000 the fruits were stored without packaging, in LDPE packages of 22 µm with capacity for 12 and 40 fruits, and of 33 µm with capacity for 12 fruits, since half of the packages had the ethylene adsorber sachet. At the laboratory of Biotechnology of Food of UFPel/DCTA it was evaluated the following variables: pulp firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) and total titratable acidity (TTA). It was found that the fruits packed in LDPE of 22 µm with capacity for 12 fruits with and without adsorption sachet demonstrated higher pulp firmness, lower contents of total soluble solids and higher levels of total titratable acidity, suggesting a ripening delay. In the season 2000/2001 it was tested the storage without packaging, in packages of 22 µm with capacity for 12, 18 and 24 fruits, with and without the utilization of sachet. It was noticed that the fruits packed in packages having a thickness of 22 µm for 12 fruits, with the system of ethylene adsorption, demonstrated slower ripening and excellent maintenance of organoleptic quality.

No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 aplicadas na pós-colheita de carambolas cv. 'Golden Star, durante o armazenamento refrigerado (AR). Os frutos colhidos fisiologicamente maturos foram selecionados pela ausência de defeitos e imersos em soluções de CaCl2, em diferentes concentrações, em temperatura ambiente (22 °C) por 20 minutos. Após aplicação dos tratamentos T1 - controle (0% de CaCl2); T2 - CaCl2 a 1%; T3 - CaCl2 a 2%; T4 - CaCl2 a 3%, e T5 - CaCl2 a 4%, os frutos foram colocados em câmara frigorífica, por 35 dias, a 12 ± 0,5ºC e 95 ± 3%, e mais 3 dias a 22 ± 3°C e 72 ± 5% de umidade relativa (UR). 24 horas após a colheita e a cada sete dias, amostras foram retiradas da AR, mantidas por 12 horas em condições ambiente (22 ± 3°C e 72 ± 5% UR) e analisadas quanto ao teor de cálcio na polpa, perda de massa fresca, coloração da epiderme, firmeza de polpa (FP), sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT) e a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos. Ao final do experimento, foi feita uma análise sensorial. Observou-se que os frutos imersos em solução de CaCl2 a 2% apresentaram menor perda de massa fresca e maior firmeza de polpa. As carambolas deste tratamento também não apresentaram manchas e podridões e foram preferidas pelos julgadores no teste de preferência. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez total titulável e a coloração não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Na análise de teores de cálcio adsorvido pelos frutos, determinou-se que quanto, maior a concentração da solução de CaCl2 aplicada, maior a concentração de cálcio presente na polpa.

In the present work were evaluated the effects of different CaCl2 concentrations applied after harvest on starfruit cv. Golden Star, during refrigerated storage (RS). The fruits were harvested at physiological maturity stage, selected free of defects and immersed for 20 minutes at room temperature in CaCl2 solutions at different concentrations. After the aplcation of the treatments T1 - 0% CaCl2 (control); T2 - 1% CaCl2; T3 - 2% CaCl2; T4 - 3% CaCl2 and T5 - 4% CaCl2, fruits were stored for 35 days in refrigerated room at 12 ± 0,5ºC and 95 ± 3% relative humidity (RH) and then retrieved to air at 22 ± 3°C and 72 ± 5% RH for 3 days. 24 hs after harvest and every seven days, samples were retrieved from storage, kept for 12 hours in ambient air (22 ± 3°C and 72 ± 5% RH) and analyzed for calcium content, fresh weight loss, epidermal color, flesh firmness (FF), total soluble solids (TS), total titratable acidity (TTA) and physiological disorders. At the end of the experiment a trained taste panel evaluated the fruits. Starfruit treated with 2% CaCl2 showed less dehydration and higher firmness compared to fruit from other treatments. These fruit had no decay incidence and were best accepted by the taste panelist. TS and TA as well as epidermal color did not differ among treatments. With regards to calcium contents, the higher the treatment concentration the higher amounts determined in the starfruit flesh.

O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) é uma das principais espécies cultivadas do gênero Passiflora. Seus frutos são ricos em minerais, vitaminas e apresentam aroma e sabor agradáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a produção de etileno e atividade enzimática da ACCoxidase (ACCO) em maracujá-amarelo colhido em diferentes estádios de maturação. A determinação do estádio de maturação foi realizada com o auxílio de um colorímetro, que, por meio da radiação ultravioleta, estabeleceu valores absolutos da cor dos frutos de cada um dos grupos (I, II e III). A produção de etileno e a atividade da ACCoxidase foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa. Os frutos do grupo I são predominantemente verdes, de acordo com os valores absolutos da cor obtidos. Os frutos do grupo II são predominantemente, coloridos, ou seja, em um estádio de maturação intermediário, e os frutos do grupo III, totalmente coloridos, apresentando-se, portanto, em início da senescência. Os frutos do grupo I apresentaram atividade da ACCO predominantemente mais elevada do que os frutos do grupo III, ocorrendo também o mesmo comportamento com a produção de etileno, com um valor médio de 7,25 nL. g-1. h-1, bem acima do nível máximo estabelecido para espécies classificadas como fracamente produtoras de etileno (0,5 nL. g-1. h-1). Assim, o maracujá-amarelo difere quanto à produção de etileno e atividade da enzima ACCO, de acordo com o estádio de maturação. A espécie foi considerada, em comparação com outras espécies, como produtora intermediária de etileno. A atividade enzimática da ACCO é mais elevada em frutos predominantemente verdes, mas ela é limitada e necessita de co-fatores enzimáticos para sua atividade máxima.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) is one of the main cultivated species of Passiflora genus. Its fruits are rich in mineral salts and vitamins and to present agreeable aroma and flavour. The purpose of this work was to determine ethylene production and enzymatic activity of ACC oxidase (ACCO) in yellow passion fruit cropped in different maturation stages. The determination of maturation stage was effected with the help of a colorimeter that established the absolute value of fruit colour, using UV light, and classified the fruits into three groups (I, II, III). Ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity were measured by gaz chromatography. Fruits in group I, predominantly green, those in group II, as predominantly coloured, which means in an intermediary state of maturation, and those in group III, totally coloured, at the beginning of senescence. ACC oxidase activity was detected in predominantly green fruits, with values higher than those encountered in mature fruits. Higher ethylene production was also found in fruits of group I, with a mean value of 7,25 nL. g-1. h-1 , in relation to the maximum level established for species classified as poor producers of ethylene (0,5 nL. g-1. h-1). These results show that the ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity of passion fruits are related to their maturation stage. In comparison with other species, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa was considered as an intermediary producer of ethylene. The activity of ACC oxidase enzyme was higher in predominantly green fruits, but was limited and needs enzymatic co-factors for its maximum activity.